石榴: 最有力的抗老化武器

将石榴称为“超级水果”并不只是为了宣传，还有广泛的临床研究支持这一说法:

石榴提取物的抗氧化能力

• Pomegranate ingredients which mimic the Polyphenol ratio of the fruit; potent synergistic effects have been observed in ’natural spectrum’ extracts — particularly pomegranate concentrate normalised to Punicalagins. J Nutr Biochemistry 2005 (16) 360—367.
• Intervention of anti–oxidant system function of aged rats by giving fruit juices with different anti-oxidant capacities. Xu J, Guo CJ, Yang JJ, Wei JY, Li YF, Pang W, Jiang YG, Cheng S. Dept of Nutrition, Institute of Hygiene & Environmental Medicine, Acedemy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.
• Determination of Phenolic compounds in pomegranate juice by HPLC. Artik N, Ceremroglu B, Murakami H, Mori T. Fruit Process. 1998;8:492–499.
• Anti-oxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with Phenolic composition and processing. Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM, Kader AA.J Agri Food Chem. 2000;48:4581-4589.
• Quantitative determination of Polyphenolic content of pomegranate peel. Ben Nasar N, Ayed M. Z Lebensm Unters Frosch. 1996;203:374–378.
• Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of pomegranate. Lansky E, Schubert S, Neeman I: Symposium International Sobre El Granado (First international Symposium on the Pomegranate), Orihuela, Spain, October 1998.
• Beneficial effects of pomegranate juice on oxidation-sensitive genes and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity at sites of perturbed shear stress. de Nigris F. et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA. 2005 Mar 29;102(13):4896-901. Epub 2005 Mar 21.
• Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. Gil MI. et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Oct;48(10):4581-9.
• Antioxidant activity of selected foodstuffs. Kelawala NS. et al. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2004 Sep;55(6): 511 6.

心血管病防治

• Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic Apolipoprotein E–deficient mice. Aviram M, Dronfeld L, Rosenblat M, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:1062—1076.
• Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low–density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular disease: studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans. Aviram M, Dornefeld L, Kaplan M, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hofman A, Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Presser D, Attias J, Hayek T, Fuhrman B. Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Israel.
• Pomegranate juice supplementation to atherosclerotic mice reduces macrophage lipid peroxidation, cellular cholesterol accumulation and development of atherosclerosis. Marielle Kaplan, Tony Hayek, Ayelet Raz, Raymond Coleman, Leslie Dornfeld, Jacob Vaya and Michael Aviram. Lipid research laboratory, the Department of anatomy and cell biology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medecine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
• Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Aviram M, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1062-76.
• Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular diseases : studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans. Aviram M. et al. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002;28(2-3):49-62.
• Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Aviram M. et al. Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;23(3):423-33
• Effects of flavonoid-rich beverages on prostacyclin synthesis in humans and human aortic endothelial cells: association with ex vivo platelet function. Polagruto JA. et al. J Med Food. 2003 Winter;6(4):301-8

防癌

• Differentiation-promoting activity of pomegranate (punica granatum) fruit extracts in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Apr 2004, Vol. 7, No. 1: 13-18.
• Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (punica granatum) for human breast cancer. Kim ND, et al. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 71:203-17.
• Anthocyanin- and hydrolysable tannin-rich pomegranate fruit extract modulates MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways and inhibits skin tumorigenesis in CD-1 mice. Afaq F. et al. Int J Cancer 2005 Jan 20;113(3):423-33.
• Differenciation-promoting activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukaemia cells. Kawaii S. et al. J Med Food. 2004 Spring;7(1):13-8.
• Pomegranate (Punica granatum) pure chemicals show possible synergistic inhibition of human PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion across Matrigel. Lansky EP. et al. Invest New Drugs. 2005 Aug;23(4):379.
• In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice. Seeram NP. Et al. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Jun;16(6):360-7.

生物利用度

• Bioavailability of ellagic acid in human plasma after consumption of ellagitannins from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice. Seeram NP. Et al. Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Oct;348(1-2):63-8.
• In vitro gastrointestinal digestion study of pomegranate juice phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and vitaminC. Perez-Vicente A. et al., J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Apr 10;50(8):2308-12.

抗微生物作用

• Punica granatum (Pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide. Neurath AR. et al. BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 14;4:41.

伤口治愈

• Study on wound healing activity of Punica granatum peel. Murphy KN. et al., J Med Food. 2004 Summer;7(2):256-9.

抗胃溃疡

• The inhibition of astric mucosal injury by Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) methanolic extract. Ajaikumar KB. Et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jan 4;96(1-2):171-6.

神经保护作用

• Maternal dietary supplementation with pomegranate juice is neuroprotective in an animal model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Loren DJ. et al. Pediatr. Res. 2005 Jun;57(6):858-64. Epub 2005 Mar.

勃起功能障碍

• Oxidative stress in arteriogenic erectile dysfunction: prophylactic role of antioxidants. Azadzoi KM. et al. J Urol. 2005 Jul;174(1):386-93.

安全

• Repeated oral administration of high doses of the pomegranate ellagitannin punicalagin to rats for 37 days is not toxic. Cerda B. et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 May 21;51(11):3493-501.

皮肤美白效果

• Inhibitory effect of an Ellagic Acid-rich pomegranate extract on Tyrosinase activity and ultraviolet-induced pigmentation. Yoshimura M, Watanabe Y, Kasai K, Yamakoshi J, Koga T. Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation.

皮肤抗老化效果

• Pomegranate as a cosmeceutical source: pomegranate fractions promote proliferation and procollagen synthesis and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103: 311-318, 2006.